The Type C rolling friction model, proposed by Ai et al. (2011), goes beyond the standard EDEM rolling friction model by including a non-viscous term in the damping torque equation (Eq. 1).
(1) |
Where Mr is the total damping torque vector, Mrk is the non-viscous damping torque vector and Mrd is the viscous damping torque vector.
The non-viscous damping torque vector is a function of the relative particle rotation angle and the rolling stiffness as defined in Equations 2 and 3.
(2) | ||
(3) |
Where
It should be noted that the non-viscous torque magnitude is limited according to Equation 4.
(4) |
Where
The viscous damping torque vector is defined in Equation 5 and is function of the relative rotational velocity vector at the contact point and the rolling viscous damping ratio.
(5) |
It should be noted that the viscous damping torque is only applied if the non-viscous torque magnitude is below the limit defined in Equation 4.
In cases where significant non-viscous rolling resistance is expected at particle contacts such as when contact forces are high or the modeled material consists of predominantly angular particles, the use of Type C rolling friction may result in a more physically accurate behavior and greater stability of the EDEM model.
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