I-Beam Analysis

Review stacking direction and element normals.

1. Open the Material Reference Orientation dialog by right-clicking in the white space of the Composite Browser and selecting Orient > Element Normals from the context menu.
2. Select all elements by double-clicking the elements collector and making a selection using the pop-up.
3. Click display.
   This will display the current element normals for displayed 2D elements.

   Note: For typical ply-based models with T junctions, cap element normals should point away from the web. Web element normals are arbitrary as long as the direction is consistent. Confirm that the element normals of the cap elements point away from the web and that web element normals point in the direction of global y.

   
   
   Figure 3.

Review the assigned material reference orientation.

1. Open the Material Reference Orientation dialog by right-clicking in the white space of the Composite Browser and selecting Orient > Material Reference Review from the context menu.
2. Select the elements on which material orientation will be reviewed by double-clicking on the elements collector and making a selection of all elements in the ibeam component using the pop-up.
3. Click review to plot the current material orientation.
   The material orientation for this part has already been defined as the x direction of the local system with id = 1.

   
   
   Figure 4.

Create the plies that make up the composite laminate.

1. In the Composite Browser, create shapes and plies from the white space context menu using the following steps.
2. Create the shapes according to the table and image below. Each shape should be the full length of the beam. By Face is a convenient method for selection.
3. Create the plies according to the table below. Note that after one ply has been created, Duplicate is available from the context menu and can quickly generate the other plies. Only orientation and shape need to be entered.
4. After all plies are created, auto color by Shift-selecting the plies in the browser, selecting one the Color icons, and clicking Auto color.

   Ply Name	Ply ID	Material	Thickness	Orientation	Shape
   ply1	1	M40J	0.01	90	Top_cap
   ply2	2	M40J	0.01	0	Top_cap
   ply3	3	M40J	0.01	45	Left_web
   ply4	4	M40J	0.01	-45	Left_web
   ply5	5	M40J	0.01	90	Center_web
   ply6	6	M40J	0.01	45	Right_web
   ply7	7	M40J	0.01	-45	Right_web
   ply8	8	M40J	0.01	0	Bottom_cap
   ply9	9	M40J	0.01	90	Bottom_cap

   Figure 5.

   
   
   Figure 6.

Correct ply normals.

In models with T junctions that are modeled using a ply-based method, plies on each side of the web will have opposite stacking directions. On one side, the element stacking direction will be consistent with the cap, and on the other side it will not. See the image below.

Figure 7.

The discontinuity in stacking direction on the left side of the I-beam model will be corrected using ply normals. Ply normals manipulate the direction that an individual ply stacks.

Note: When ply normals are changed, a DRAPE table is created and assigned to the ply.

1. From the Composite Browser white space context menu, click Orient > Ply Normal.
2. Toggle the Select ply arrows so that ply3 is active.
3. Click Apply to plot current ply normals. Note the discontinuity described above.
4. To correct ply normals, click the Pick elements > Elements collector twice to access the element selection panel.
5. Select only elements of the web and click proceed.
6. Click the Reverse radio button under Normals and then click Apply. This will plot corrected ply normals for ply3.
7. Reset the Display radio button under Normals to prevent any additional changes.
8. Confirm the web of ply3 has no discontinuity with the caps by repeating Step 2 and Step 3.
9. Repeat Step 3 through Step 8 for ply4.

Create the sublaminates, which represent the stacks up plies on each unique tool used to manufacture the part.

1. In the Composite Browser, right-click in white space and select Create > Laminate from the context menu Repeat this action so that there are five laminates created in total.
2. Shift-select four laminates (IDs 2-5) and drag them into the laminate with id = 1. Notice that the parent laminate becomes an Interface Laminate and children become Sublaminates.
3. Edit the names of the laminates and drag the plies from the unstacked plies folder into the sublaminates so that they match the image below.

   Figure 8.

Define the interface, which specifies how the sublaminates are joined.

The interface laminate contains a list of sublaminates. It also contains a list of interfaces that specify how sublaminates connect (interface) with each other. Each interface definition contains two inputs: interface ply1 and interface ply2. These are either the top most or bottom most ply of each sublaminate that interface. The order they are entered is the order the sublaminates are stacked, in the direction of the element normal. See the figure below for the correct interfaces for the I-beam.

Figure 9.

1. In the Composite Browser, right-click on the interface_laminate laminate and select Interfaces.
2. Create the 5 interfaces in the Interface definition table at the bottom of the dialog. Use the image above as a reference.
3. Define Interface ply1 and Interface ply2 for each interface using the values in the dialog below.
4. Click OK to define the interfaces.

   
   
   Figure 10.

Create ply-based template properties.

1. In the Composite Browser, right-click on white space and select Create > Property from the context menu.
2. Confirm the Card Image is set to PCOMPP.
3. Set Name to caps.
4. Set Z0 to 0.0. This defines the offset such that plies begin stacking from the location in space of the elements.
5. Assign the elements of the caps by right-clicking on the property in the Model Browser and selecting Assign from the context menu.

   
   
   Figure 11.

6. Repeat Step 1 through Step 5 for the web property. Set the name to web. Leave Z0 as blank. This will place the midplane of the laminate at the elements in the web.

   
   
   Figure 12.

   
   
   Figure 13.

Plot vectors that represent the ply1 direction on each element.

1. Select a ply, and from the ply entity context menu, select the Ply 1 Direction option.
2. Select a ply in the browser. This will plot the ply 1 direction (fiber direction) at each element.
3. Click the Ply 1 Direction option again to deactivate it.

   
   
   Figure 14.

Visualize the thickness and ply layers of the laminate. This is used to confirm that all plies are in the expected order. If the interfaces were defined incorrectly, there will be discontinuities where portions of a ply jump to an unexpected location in the full stack.

1. In HyperWorks, open the Element and Handle Visualization dialog at the bottom of the graphics area.
2. Active 3D and Ply layers.
3. From the menu bar, select File > Preferences.
4. In the Graphics area, type 5 in the ply visualization thickness factor input. This will increase the displayed thickness of each ply layer for the purposes of visualization.

   Figure 15.

5. In HyperMesh Desktop, set Element Representation to 2D Detailed Element Representation. This will visualize the total thickness on each element.
6. Set the Composite Layers control to Composite Layers. This will display the individual layers within each element thickness.
7. Color elements by ply color and change the Element Color Mode to By Prop.
8. From the menu bar, select Preferences > Graphics and type 5 in the ply visualization thickness factor input. This will increase the displayed thickness of each ply layer for the purposes of visualization.

   
   
   Figure 16.