Preload, Offset, and Scale

This section describes how preloads, offsets and scales enter into bushing force computations. You use Preloads, Offsets and Scales to alter the operating point of a bushing. You can offset the bushing displacement in any direction, and scale the input displacement and velocity. You can also offset the bushing force in any direction by adding a preload or scale-output force or moment in any direction.

Displacement Offsets ans Scales

Displacement offsets change the origins of the force-deflection curves. Displacement scales expand or contract the force-deflection curves along the deflection axis.

Let:

dkdk
be the displacement in the kth displacement direction (x, y, z, ax, ay, az) between the bushing I- and J-Markers reported in the coordinate system of the J marker.
HkHk
is the displacement (horizontal) scaling factor in the kth direction.
QkQk
is the displacement offset in the kth direction.

Then the scaled and offset deflection, qkqk , is given by:

qk=Hk·dkQkqk=HkdkQk

The velocity in the kth direction, is given by:

˙qk=Hk·˙dk˙qk=Hk˙dk

Preload and Force Scales

Preloads offset the forces or torques at zero displacement, while the force scale applies an amplification factor to the force. If GkGk is the function computing the force in the kth direction, then the force in that direction is given as follows:

Let:

PkPk
is the preload in the kth direction.
VkVk
is the force (vertical) scaling in the kth direction.
GkGk
is the sum of all force methods in the kth direction.
FkFk
is the preload in the kth direction.

Then:

Fk=PkVk·Gk(qk,˙qk,xk,t)Fk=PkVkGk(qk,˙qk,xk,t)