Closed magnetic circuit: magnetic connectivity problem (3D)

Introduction

This paragraph deals with the description of the closed magnetic circuits in 3D problems with the scalar model (automatic formulations).

Reminder about computation principle

To solve the equations in a Magneto Static application, two models are available:

• the vector model which uses the vector potential
• the scalar model which uses scalar potentials

In the scalar model (automatic formulations) there is no one equation that is solved by the finite elements method. Each region of the problem can have a specific formulation and, consequently, a specific equation. Thus, an interface exists between regions and, consequently, a coupling of formulations.

Connectivity problem

The coupling between the different potentials is sometimes forbidden in the sense that the hypotheses allowing the coupling between these potentials are no longer valid. This represents a connectivity problem.

Magnetic connectivity problem

The magnetic connectivity problem appears in the case of closed magnetic circuits of high permeability (transformers…). More precisely, it appears when there is a closed path passing through several volume magnetic regions and the line integral of H is not zero along this path.

Solution: the cut concept

To overcome this problem, it is necessary that a cut be created in the magnetic circuit. This is a “mathematic cut” which means a jump in the scalar potential. The continuity of the fields B and H across the cut is obviously satisfied.

Practically, a cut is modeled by using a Magnetic cut entity.

Symmetry and periodicity

It is not necessary to add a cut when the closed magnetic circuit is cut by a periodicity or symmetry plane

Examples

The magnetic circuit is closed

… because the current is “external” to the closed magnetic circuit