Browsers supply a great deal of view-related functionality by listing the parts of a model in a tabular and/or tree-based
format, and providing controls inside the table that allow you to alter the display of model parts.
FE geometry is topology on top of mesh, meaning CAD and mesh exist as a single entity. The purpose of FE geometry
is to add vertices, edges, surfaces, and solids on FE models which have no CAD geometry.
Tools and workflows that are dedicated to rapidly creating new parts for specific use cases, or amending existing
parts. The current capabilities are focused on stiffening parts.
Use the Detach panel to detach elements from the surrounding structure. You can detach elements from a portion of
your model so that it can be translated or moved, or you can offset the new nodes by a specified value. You can also
use this panel to detach and remove elements from your model.
Use the Edges panel to find the free edges in a group of shell elements, find "T" connections in a group of shell
elements (any edges connected to three or more elements), display duplicate nodes, and equivalence duplicate nodes.
Use the Faces panel to find the free faces in a group of elements, and operates in the same manner as edges, but in
3D. It also allows you to find and delete duplicate nodes.
Use the Map to Geom panel to map nodes, domains, morph volume edges, or morph volume faces in your model to a line,
node list, plane, surfaces, elements, or an equation using edge domains and handles to guide the process. It also
allows you to map a mesh to section lines, apply the difference between two lines or two surfaces to a mesh, offset
a mesh in the normal direction, and map (or create) a mesh to a surface interpolated from a set of nodes or
lines.
Use the Morph Options panel to access options that are common to many of the other HyperMorph panels, and which affect morphing behavior. Morph options determine both the algorithms used for morphing as well
as how the morph is carried out by controlling features like symmetries, morph constraints, automatic smoothing and
automatic element quality checks.
Use the Mesh Edit panel to extend a mesh to meet another mesh and form a good connection between them, or to imprint
overlapping meshes so that they match one another.
Use the Normals panel to display and reverse the normals of elements or surfaces. The orientation of element normals
can also be adjusted. The normal of an element is determined by following the order of nodes of the element using
the right-hand rule.
Use the Spin panel to create a surface and/or mesh or elements by spinning a series of nodes, a line or lines, or
a group of elements about a vector to create a circular structure.
Use the Split panel to split plates or solid elements. In addition, hexa elements can also be split using a technique
that moves progressively through a row of elements in the model.
HyperWorks supports reflective and non-reflective
symmetries.
Reflective Symmetries
Reflective symmetries link handles in a symmetric fashion so that the movements of
one handle will be reflected and applied to the symmetric handles. You can also use
reflective symmetries to reflect morphs performed on domains when using the alter
dimensions: radius, curvature, and arc angle tools or any map to geom operation. To
turn the reflection of morphing operations off, clear the symlinks checkbox or
inactivate the symmetry in the Morph Options panel.
Reflective symmetries can be defined as either unilateral or multilateral, and either
approximate or enforced.
Unilateral symmetries
Have only one side that governs the others, but not vice versa. For
example, handles created and morphs applied to handles on the positive
side of the symmetry are reflected onto the other side or sides of the
symmetry, but handles created or morphs applied to handles on the other
side or sides of the symmetry are not reflected.
multilateral symmetries
All sides govern all other sides. For example, a handle created or a
morph applied to a handle on any side is reflected to all the other
sides.
Approximate symmetries
May contain handles that are not symmetric to other handles. For
example, handles created on any side of the symmetry are not reflected
to the other sides. This option is best for asymmetrical, but similar,
domains or for a cyclical symmetry applied to a mesh that sweeps through
an arc but not a full circle.
Enforced symmetries
Cannot contain handles that are not symmetric on all other sides. For
example, handles created or deleted on any side of the symmetry are
created or deleted on the other sides so that the symmetry is
maintained. When a reflective symmetry is created with the enforced
option, additional handles may also be created to meet the enforcement
requirements.
Note: Handles created due to the enforced option may not be located
on any mesh, however, they will always be assigned to the nearest domain and
will affect nodes in that domain.
Reflective symmetries are 1-plane, 2-plane, 3-plane, and cyclical.
One Plane
A mirror is placed at the origin perpendicular to the selected axis
(default = x-axis).
In Figure 1, the mesh on the left is before morphing;
the mesh on the right is after morphing. The icon for 1-plane symmetry
is a rectangle perpendicular to the symmetry system's selected axis. You
can think of this rectangle as a mirror. The highlighted handle is
moved. Notice how only the handle at the lower left has been selected
and how the handle on the upper left is automatically moved
symmetrically. This type of symmetry is very useful for a wide variety
of symmetric models. Figure 1.
Two Plane
Two mirrors are placed at the origin perpendicular to the selected axis
and the subsequent axis (that is x and y, y and z, z and x) (default = x
and y-axis).
In Figure 2, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for 2-plane symmetry is two
rectangles perpendicular to the symmetry system's selected axis and
subsequent axis. You can think of these rectangles as mirrors. The
highlighted handle is moved. Notice how only the handle at the lower
left has been selected and how the other three symmetric handles are
automatically moved symmetrically. This type of symmetry is very useful
for objects symmetric across two perpendicular planes. Figure 2.
Three Plane
Three mirrors are placed at the origin perpendicular to all three
axes.
In Figure 3, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for 3-plane symmetry is three
rectangles perpendicular to all three of the symmetry system axes. You
can think of these rectangles as mirrors. The highlighted handle is
moved. Notice how only the handle at the lower right has been selected
and how the other seven symmetric handles are automatically moved
symmetrically. This type of symmetry is very useful for objects
symmetric across three perpendicular planes. Figure 3.
Cyclical
Two mirrors are placed along the selected axis (default = z-axis) and
run through the origin with a given angle in between that is a factor of
360. The result is a wedge that is reflected a certain number of times
about the selected axis.
Figure 4
is an example of cyclical symmetry with a cyclical frequency of 8 (45
degrees per wedge). The mesh on the left is before morphing and the mesh
on the right is after morphing. The icon for cyclical symmetry is a
number of spheres lying perpendicular the symmetry system's selected
axis and connected to the origin with lines. The number of spheres is
equal to the number of symmetric wedges. Each cyclical wedge is
identical to the others when rotated through an angle (in this case 45
degrees) about the selected axis. The highlighted handle is moved.
Notice how only one handle has been selected and how the other seven
symmetric handles are automatically moved symmetrically. This type of
symmetry is very useful for objects that repeat at regular intervals
about a central point. Figure 4.
Non-Reflective Symmetries
Non-reflective symmetries are linear, circular, planar, radial 2D, cylindrical,
radial + linear, radial 3D, and spherical. These change the way that handles
influence nodes as well as link the symmetric handles so that the movement of one
affects the others. You can control whether or not a handle perturbation is applied
to symmetric handles for both reflective and non-reflective symmetries by selecting
or clearing symlinks or making the symmetries active or inactive in the Morph
Options panel. However, the unique handle to node influences for non-reflective
symmetries can only be turned off by making the symmetry inactive.
Generally speaking, the handles for a domain with non-reflective symmetry will act as
if they are the shape of the symmetry type. For instance, a domain with linear
symmetry causes handle movements to act on the domain as if the handle was a line in
the direction of the x-axis. A domain with circular symmetry causes handle movements
to act on the domain as if the handle was a circle centered around the z-axis. The
edges of a domain affect how influences between handles and nodes are calculated.
Non-reflective symmetries work best for domains that are shaped like the symmetry
type and have a regular mesh. For example, a circular symmetry works best for a
round domain with a concentric mesh.
Linear
Handle acts as a line drawn through the handle location parallel to the
selected axis (default = x-axis).
In Figure 5, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for linear symmetry is two
parallel lines extending along the selected axis. The highlighted handle
is moved. Notice how the handles act on the mesh as if they were
parallel lines. This type of symmetry is very useful for changing the
shape of entire cross-sections by moving only a few handles. Figure 5.
Circular
Handle acts as a circle drawn through the handle position about the
selected axis (default = z-axis).
In Figure 6, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for circular symmetry is a circle
at the origin of the symmetry system lying perpendicular to the selected
axis. The highlighted handle is moved. Notice how the handles act on the
mesh as if they are circles about the selected axis. This type of
symmetry is very useful for keeping a circular part circular while
manipulating its shape. Figure 6.
Planar
Handle acts as a plane drawn through the handle location perpendicular
to the selected axis (default = x-axis).
In Figure 7, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for planar symmetry is a shaded
rectangle perpendicular to the symmetry system's selected axis. The
highlighted handle is moved. Notice how the handles act on the mesh as
if they were perpendicular planes. This type of symmetry is very useful
for manipulating the shape of regular sections along their length
without changing their profile. Figure 7.
Radial 2D
Handle acts as a ray drawn through the handle position originating from
and extending perpendicular to the selected axis (default =
z-axis).
In Figure 8, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for radial 2-D symmetry is a flat
cone with its vertex at the symmetry system origin and perpendicular to
the selected axis. The highlighted handle is moved. Notice how the
handles act on the mesh as if they were rays extending in a radial
direction away from the selected axis. This type of symmetry is very
useful for changing the shape of a part while keeping its radial profile
intact. Figure 8.
Cylindrical
Handle acts as a cylinder drawn through the handle position about the
selected axis (default = z-axis).
In Figure 9, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for cylindrical symmetry is a
cylinder parallel to the symmetry system's selected axis centered about
the origin. The highlighted handle is moved. Notice how the handles act
on the mesh as if they were cylinders. This type of symmetry is the
equivalent of using both circular and linear symmetry together and is
very useful for making circular changes to solid meshes. Figure 9.
Radial + Linear
Handle acts as a plane drawn through the handle position extending from
the selected axis (default = z-axis).
In Figure 10, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The icon for radial+linear symmetry is a
3-D wedge lying perpendicular to the selected axis with its vertex at
the symmetry system origin. The highlighted handle is moved. Notice how
the handles act on the mesh as if they were planes parallel to and
extending away from the selected axis. This type of symmetry is the
equivalent of using both radial and linear symmetry together and is very
useful for making radial changes to solid meshes. Figure 10.
Radial 3D
Handle acts as a ray drawn through the handle position originating from
origin.
Figure 11
is an example of radial 3-D symmetry. The model is a hollow sphere made
with solid elements. The mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh
on the right is after morphing. The icon for radial 3-D symmetry is a
cone with its vertex at the origin of the symmetry system. The
highlighted handle is moved. Notice how the handles act on the mesh as
if they were rays extending away from the origin. This type of symmetry
is very useful for making radial changes to spherical objects. Figure 11.
Spherical
Handle acts as a sphere drawn through the handle position centered on
the origin.
In Figure 12, the mesh on the left is before morphing; the mesh on
the right is after morphing. The model is a hollow sphere made with
solid elements. The icon for spherical symmetry is a sphere centered at
the symmetry system origin. The highlighted handle is moved. Note how
the handles act on the mesh as if they were spheres centered at the
origin. This type of symmetry is useful for changing the shape of
spherical objects while keeping their spherical shape intact. Figure 12.