/MAT/LAW71

Block Format Keyword This law describes the behavior of superelastic materials. It allows modeling the behavior of the shape memory alloys (such as Nitinol).

The particularity of these materials is that all of the strain is recovered upon unloading even when large deformations are reached. Besides, the material shows a hysteretic response in a complete loading-unloading cycle. The full recovery is due to phase change in the microstructure. The model is based on the work of Auricchio et al. 1997. This law is compatible with solid and shell elements.

Format

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
/MAT/LAW71/mat_ID/unit_ID
mat_title
ρi                
E υ E_mart        
σSAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGtbaabaGaamyqaiaadofaaaaaaa@3AE5@ σFAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadgeacaWGtbaaaaaa@3AE7@ σSSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AF4@ σFSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AE7@ α
EpsL CAS CSA TS_AS TF_AS
TS_SA TF_SA Cp Tini  

Definition

Field Contents SI Unit Example
mat_ID Material identifier.

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

 
unit_ID Unit Identifier.

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

 
mat_title Material title.

(Character, maximum 100 characters)

 
ρi Initial density.

(Real)

[kgm3]
E Young's modulus.

(Real)

[Pa]
υ Poisson's ratio.

(Real)

 
E_mart Martensite Young's modulus

Default = 0.0 (Real)

[Pa]
σSAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGtbaabaGaamyqaiaadofaaaaaaa@3AE5@ Material parameter defining the start of phase transformation from austenite to martensite (AS). 1

(Real)

[Pa]
σFAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadgeacaWGtbaaaaaa@3AE7@ Material parameter defining the end of phase transformation from austenite to martensite (AS). 1

(Real)

[Pa]
σSSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AF4@ Material parameter defining the start of phase transformation from martensite to austenite (SA). 1

(Real)

[Pa]
σFSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AE7@ Material parameter defining the end of phase transformation from martensite to austenite (SA). 1

(Real)

[Pa]
α Material parameter measuring the difference in response between tension and compression.

Default = 0 (Real)

 
EpsL Maximum residual strain. 2

(Real)

 
CAS Stress-Temperature rate during loading.

Default = 0 (Real)

[PaK] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaamWaaeaadaWcaaqaaiGaccfacaGGHbaabaGaci4saaaaaiaawUfacaGLDbaaaaa@3A85@
CSA Stress-Temperature rate during unloading.

Default = 0 (Real)

[PaK] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaamWaaeaadaWcaaqaaiGaccfacaGGHbaabaGaci4saaaaaiaawUfacaGLDbaaaaa@3A85@
TS_AS Reference temperature for start of transformation (AS).

Default = 298K (Real)

[K]
TF_AS Reference temperature for rend of transformation (AS).

Default = 298K (Real)

[K]
TS_SA Reference temperature for start of transformation (SA).

Default = 298K (Real)

[K]
TF_SA Reference temperature for end of transformation (SA).

Default = 298K (Real)

[K]
Cp Specific heat capacity.

Default = 1030 (Real)

[JkgK] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeaaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaamWaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaabQeaaeaacaqGRbGaae4zaiabgwSixlaabUeaaaaacaGLBbGaayzxaaaaaa@3DB3@
Tini Initial temperature.

Default = 360 K (Real)

[K]

Example (Metal)

Comments

  1. If E_mart=0, then Young's modulus is considered constant, equal to E, and not dependent on the phase fraction of the material.
  2. The different stresses σSSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AF4@ , σFAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadgeacaWGtbaaaaaa@3AE7@ , σSSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AF4@ and σFSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiabeo8aZ9aadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa@3AE7@ , defining the start and the end of phase transfomation, as well as the residual strain EpsL, correspond to the case of a uniaxial tensile test:

    law71_transformation
    Figure 1.
  3. The parameter α is computed from the initial value of the austenite to martensite phase transformation in tension (σSAS)T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbmaabmaapaqaa8qacqaHdpWCpaWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaaaOWdbiaawIcacaGLPaaapaWaaSbaaSqaa8qacaWGubaapaqabaaaaa@3DE9@ and compression (σSAS)C MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaqaaaaaaaaaWdbmaabmaapaqaa8qacqaHdpWCpaWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaaaOWdbiaawIcacaGLPaaapaWaaSbaaSqaa8qacaWGubaapaqabaaaaa@3DE9@ from the relation.(1)
    α=23(σSAS)C(σSAS)T(σSAS)C+(σSAS)T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=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@5A47@
  4. The Drucker-Prager-type loading function F MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbaaaa@3833@ is introduced using the stress deviator s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbaaaa@3833@ , the pressure p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbaaaa@3833@ and the temperature.(2)
    F=s+3αp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbGaeyypa0ZaauWaaeaacaWGZbaacaGLjWUaayPcSdGaey4kaSIaaG4maiabeg7aHjaadchaaaa@418B@
    Two functions are defined for the start and the final point of transformation from austenite to martensite (A → S) or from martensite to austenite (S → A).
    (A→S) (S →A)
    Start point of transformation FSAS=FRSAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabg2da9iaadAeacqGHsislcaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaaaaa@4118@

    RSAS=σSAS(23+α)CAS(TTSAS) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabg2da9iabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGtbaabaGaamyqaiaadofaaaGcdaqadaqaamaakaaabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4maaaaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcqaHXoqyaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHsislcaWGdbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakmaabmaabaGaamivaiabgkHiTiaadsfadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadgeacaWGtbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@5079@

    FSSA=FRSSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabg2da9iaadAeacqGHsislcaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaaaaa@4118@

    RSSA=σSSA(23+α)CSA(TTSSA) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabg2da9iabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGtbaabaGaam4uaiaadgeaaaGcdaqadaqaamaakaaabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4maaaaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcqaHXoqyaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHsislcaWGdbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakmaabmaabaGaamivaiabgkHiTiaadsfadaqhaaWcbaGaam4uaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@5079@

    Final point of transformation FFAS=FRFAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabg2da9iaadAeacqGHsislcaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaaaaa@40FE@

    RFAS=σFAS(23+α)CAS(TTFAS) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabg2da9iabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGgbaabaGaamyqaiaadofaaaGcdaqadaqaamaakaaabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4maaaaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcqaHXoqyaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHsislcaWGdbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakmaabmaabaGaamivaiabgkHiTiaadsfadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadgeacaWGtbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@5052@

    FFSA=FRFSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabg2da9iaadAeacqGHsislcaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaaaaa@40FE@

    RFSA=σFSA(23+α)CSA(TTFSA) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGsbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabg2da9iabeo8aZnaaDaaaleaacaWGgbaabaGaam4uaiaadgeaaaGcdaqadaqaamaakaaabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4maaaaaSqabaGccqGHRaWkcqaHXoqyaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHsislcaWGdbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakmaabmaabaGaamivaiabgkHiTiaadsfadaqhaaWcbaGaamOraaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@5052@

    Condition FSAS>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3CA2@

    FFAS<0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGbbGaam4uaaaakiabgYda8iaaicdaaaa@3C91@

    F˙>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGgbGbaiaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@39FE@

    FSSA<0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadofaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabgYda8iaaicdaaaa@3C9E@

    FFSA>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGgbWaa0baaSqaaiaadAeaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3C95@

    F˙<0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGgbGbaiaacqGH8aapcaaIWaaaaa@39FA@

    Evolution equation of martensite During loading:

    X˙m=(1Xm)F˙FRFAS MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGybGbaiaadaWgaaWcbaGaamyBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadIfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyBaaqabaGccaGGPaWaaSaaaeaaceWGgbGbaiaaaeaacaWGgbGaeyOeI0IaamOuamaaDaaaleaacaWGgbaabaGaamyqaiaadofaaaaaaaaa@458B@

    During unloading:

    X˙m=XmF˙FRFSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGybGbaiaadaWgaaWcbaGaamyBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGybWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gaaeqaaOWaaSaaaeaaceWGgbGbaiaaaeaacaWGgbGaeyOeI0IaamOuamaaDaaaleaacaWGgbaabaGaam4uaiaadgeaaaaaaaaa@428A@

    σSAS,σFAS,TSAS,TFAS,α,CAS,σSSA,σFSA,TSSA,TFSA,CSA MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@64BB@ are the material parameters. The conversion of austenite to martensite takes place when above conditions (in table) are verified.

  5. List of Animation output (/ANIM/BRICK/USRI):
    • USR 1= Martensite phase fraction
    • USR 2= Loading function
    • USR 3= Unloading function